Learn the Basics About Rocky, Dusty Planet Mars

Mars is one of the most fascinating planets in the solar system. Its the subject of a much exploration, and scientists have sent dozens of spacecraft there. Human missions to this world are currently in planning and might happen in the next decade or so. It may be that the first generation of Mars explorers are already in high school, or perhaps in college. If so, its high time we learn more about this future target! The current missions to Mars include the Mars Curiosity Lander, the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, the Mars Express orbiter, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Mars Orbiter Mission, and Mars MAVEN, and the ExoMars orbiter.   Basic Information about Mars So, what are the basics about this dusty desert planet?  Its about 2/3 the size of Earth, with a gravitational pull just over a third of Earths. Its day is about 40 minutes longer than ours, and its 687-day-long year is 1.8 times longer than  Earths.   Mars is a rocky, terrestrial-type planet. Its density is about 30 percent less than that of Earth (3.94 g/cm3 vs. 5.52 g/cm3). Its core is probably similar to Earths, mostly iron, with small amounts of nickel, but spacecraft mapping of its gravity field seem to indicate that its iron-rich core and mantle are a smaller portion of its volume than on Earth. Also, its smaller magnetic field than Earth, indicates a solid, rather than liquid core. Mars has evidence of past volcanic activity on its surface, making it a sleeping volcano world. It has the largest volcanic caldera in the solar system, called Olympus Mons.   Mars atmosphere is 95 percent carbon dioxide, nearly 3 percent nitrogen, and nearly 2 percent argon with trace quantities of oxygen, carbon monoxide, water vapor, ozone, and other trace gases. Future explorers will need to bring oxygen along, and then find ways to manufacture it from surface materials.   The average temperature on Mars is about -55 C or -67 F. It can range from -133 C or -207 F at the winter pole to almost 27 C or 80 F on the day side during summer. A Once-wet and Warm World The Mars we know today is largely a desert, with suspected stores of water and carbon dioxide ice under its surface. In the past it may have been a wet, warm planet, with liquid water flowing across its surface. Something happened early in its history, however, and Mars lost most of its water (and atmosphere). What wasnt lost to space froze underground. Evidence of  dried ancient lakebeds  have  been found by the  Mars Curiosity  mission, as well as other missions.  The apparently history of water on ancient Mars gives astrobiologists some idea that life might have gotten a toehold on the Red Planet, but has since died out or is holed up beneath the surface.   The first human missions to Mars will likely occur in the next two decades, depending on how the technology and planning progresses. NASA has a long-range plan to put people on Mars, and other organizations are looking into creating Martian colonies and science outposts as well. Current missions in low-Earth orbit are aimed at learning how humans will live and survive in space and on long-term missions. Mars has two tiny satellites which orbit very close to the surface, Phobos and Deimos. They could well come in for some exploration of their own as people begin their in-situ studies of the Red Planet.   Mars in the Human Mind Mars is named for the Roman god of War. It probably got this name due to its red color. The name of the month March derives from Mars. Known since prehistoric times, Mars has also been seen as a god of fertility, and in science fiction, it is a favorite site for authors to stage stories of the far future.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Colorado s Legal Weed Market - 984 Words

In November 2000, voters in Colorado passed Amendment 20, which enabled patients and their caregivers to obtain a restricted amount of marijuana from medical dispensaries (Sensible Colorado, n.d). The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment faced legal charges for creating an informal rule prohibiting caregivers from providing medical marijuana to more than 5 patients at a time (Sensible Colorado, n,d). In 2007, Sensible Colorado, Colorado’s medical marijuana distribution system, won the lengthy hearing, and its victory made way for store-front dispensaries throughout Colorado. Fast forward November 2012, 55% of Colorado’s voters were pro-Amendment 64 (Sensible Colorado, n.d). Amendment 64 made recreational marijuana use legal to anyone age 21 or older. This law was effective January 2014, and almost two years later the changes in the state are astounding. Christopher Ingraham looks into marijuana’s first year as a business industry in â€Å"Co lorado’s Legal Weed Market†. In Colorado’s first year of legalization, their recreational dispensaries brought in an estimated $700 million in sales and $63 million in tax revenue (Ingraham). Katie Rucke reports that nearly 10,000 new job opportunities have arisen in â€Å"Six Months In, How Has Marijuana Legalization Treated Colorado?† The state’s unemployment rate has dropped down to 6%, one of the lowest rates in the nation, and the lowest it has been in the state since the recession (Rucke). Many jobs created by theShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagesthought to be addictive, dangerous, and scary. By the 1960’s the demographics between marijuana users shifted from lower class immigrants to college students. This change only showcased the lack of proof regarding the harms of weed since most smokers had no negative effects from using the drug. And the mild effects of intoxication were rather ple asant. Despite the growing consensus that marijuana was not a dangerous drug, during the early 1970’s president Richard Nixon decided to take a stance againstRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Effects1569 Words   |  7 Pagesday. However, as I got more prepared I comprehended that people would regardless utilize calms notwithstanding the way that it s illicit. I could never appreciate why someone would struggle with the law and danger their life just to use drugs? The prescription that I am talking about is Mary-jane, and shockingly it is surrounding us. Pot is even suggested in today s media Mainstream media sources that people acknowledge, like music, films, and TV shows up, don t essentially attempt to give theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages The act of legalization in the state of Colorado has yielded many advantages in the field of marketing. With these advantages, however, come many disadvantages. This study will identify h ow marijuana legalization can affect the US market economy. This study will also identify the advantages and disadvantages of marijuana legalization on the state and federal levels. â€Æ' Marijuana Marketing: How Marijuana Legalization Can Affect a Market Economy A market economy is an economy in which decisionsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?986 Words   |  4 Pagessmoke builds, the mind relaxes. It’s a process that at one point, could have landed you in jail. But now, smoking pot in California, is legal. On Tuesday, November 8, 2016, California became the fifth state to legalize the recreational use of pot. By a margin of about 56% to 44%, voters passed Proposition 64. With its passing, California is now among states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska who have also legalized marijuana. â€Å"Marijuana could become quite the cash crop† said Richard McGowanRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?897 Words   |  4 Pages A very well-known topic in today s society is marijuana also known as cannabis or weed. As a matter of fact, the big question today that many people tend to disagree on is whether or not marijuana should be legalized? Recently, all eyes have been focused on Colorado due to the fact that they became the first state in the U.S to officially pass an amendment legalizing the consumption and use of marijuana. Marijuana can be classified as a depressant and a hallucinogen. This drug has beenRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana In California. To Recreationally1582 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana was legalized in California for adults 21 and up Tuesday, November 8th, 2016. 57% of voters said â€Å"yes† on proposition 64 while 43% of voters said â€Å"no†. By proposition 64 being legal you are now able to grow and purchase marijuana for personal use. In an local CBS article they explain how marijuana being legal could cause employees to have a false impression that it is fine to come to work stoned. â€Å"In 1996, Californians approved of medical defenses against prosecution for certain marijuanaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1579 Words   |  7 Pagesto the elderly people. Some individuals use it because they enjoy the feeling they get from smoking or eating it, whereas others use it for medical reasons. Marijuana is starting to become decriminalized in mo st states, with Colorado and Washington having already made it legal for recreational use. Moreover, a handful of states throughout the country have already implemented a medical marijuana policy into their state healthcare system. Having potential to provide so many social, economic and medicinalRead MoreColorado s Marijuana Market : What Resulted From Legalization?1382 Words   |  6 PagesLori Pangborn English 1A 26 October 2015 Colorado’s Marijuana Market: What Resulted From Legalization? [Draft] Ever since Colorado passed the nation’s first state law to tax and regulate the sale and personal use of marijuana for recreational purposes, the Centennial state became an ongoing social experiment. January 1, 2015, marked the one year anniversary since marijuana became available for purchase for adults 21 and older in Colorado. For over two years, the state has also allowed adults to possessRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1656 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract All over the nation we are seeing economic growth due to the legalization of marijuana. In 2014 expected tax revenue from the marijuana industry is an expected $67 million just in Colorado alone. Now in Washington their government is allocating a 25% excise tax on marijuana. While in Colorado they assigned a proposition to enable a 15% excise tax, and a 10% sales tax on recreational marijuana. Marijuana is stimulating businesses all over, whether it be real estate, construction, or candyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1269 Words   |  6 Pageslegalize it? Although there are legal restraints against marijuana, 1 in 3 Americans have tried it, out of curiosity at least once. Multiple studies have proven that, marijuana is psychologically and physically healing. Medical marijuana should be legalized for its beneficial advantages, such as, treating or preventing health conditions, increases in tax revenues, and improvements in our communities. Marijuana, most commonly referred to as, weed, is the country s most utilized drug that society

Budgeting Resources free essay sample

Budgeting Resources Once case has been initiated on a drug investigation and all the preliminary measures have been taken; the agency handling the case feels they have enough information to move forward; the next step is for officers to create a budget for what is needed to make a substantial case. According to the federal drug control the budget for the 2018 fiscal year is $27.57 billion; which has increased from the 2013 budget of $23. 8 billon(Economics of Drug Policy and the Drug War, n.d.). Drug investigations are one of the most expensive investigations the government is responsible for paying for on a state and local level. The cost related to a drug investigation must include the following resources: †¢ Financial Resources: Usually the department manager will have to create a budget, for the case officers, administrative cost (such as filing, documentation, etc.), and the cost of any equipment that would be needed for the investigation. The lead officers, should also make sure other expenses such as the cost for the drugs, space needed for surveillance (house, apartment, motel, etc. ), and there is a little extra included in the budget for any unexpected expenses.†¢ Manpower: For any case that will require months or years of extensive surveillance it should be arranged from the beginning that there will been a need for additional officers in case an emergency comes up for an officer or officers involved there is enough manpower in place to keep the investigation moving forward. Also, there needs to be enough manpower, if an informant or officer cover is blown and the deals starts to fall through or gets violent, enough offices are in place to assist.†¢ Investigative equipment: During the preparation stage of a case, usually the department manager will make sure the case officers have all the general equipment they need for the investigation. However, the case officers may advise on any specialized equipment that will be needed such as body transmitters, night viewing devices, radio scramblers, etc. Other Information Sources Most drug investigations are conducted by local police agencies, due to the fact they are usually more valuable during the investigation than outside resources, because they know their community well and will have a better chance of getting information from informants and from members in the community. However, at the start of any investigation case offices should review the following information which could be beneficial to the investigation (Lyman, 2007, p. 5):†¢ Incident reports: these are reports that usually come from a call where no criminal charges were involved or either they could have been misdemeanor chargers; such as a traffic accident; noisy neighbor, loitering, etc.†¢ Police intelligence reports: are important because they are categorized either by the suspected criminal activity, the location, and the suspects name and address. This information is important during the beginning stages of an investigation, because it can provide valuable data in pursuing an investigation, prosecutions, and narrowing down suspects. †¢ Arrest records: are important in an investigation because they provided information on rather or not a suspected suspect has any prior convictions or arrests. An arrest record also provides contact information for relatives and friends associated with the suspect; as well as current or former employment information.†¢ Warrant file: is important and very valuable because if the suspect has any outstanding warrants, this will give the officers a chance to bring the suspect in and it also helps officers identify any identifying markers such as tattoos, birth marks, piercing, etc. related to the suspect. Forfeiture SanctionsIn 1984 the Federal Comprehensive Forfeiture Act gave authority to seize any property base on the presumption that is included in any drug criminal activity. The Federal Comprehensive Forfeiture Act; allows officers to seize bank accounts, homes, rental properties , boats, cars, privately own business, and securities When a person is convicted of a drug felony he or she is subject to forfeiture sanctions; however, the government must establish probable cause that the property was purchased either within the time of the violation or shortly after; and there was no other source for the property (Lyman, 2007, p. 41). The Controlled Substance Act of 1970 (CSA) was a federal act passed by US Congress, which created a strict drug control policy under the control of the federal government. The CSA has penalties and fines in place for each violation up to $250,000 as well as seizure which can include the following; books, computers, all controlled substances, raw materia l and equipment (Lyman, 2007, p. 42). For example if a drug dealer sells drugs out her his/her home then that home becomes the place to facilitate the crime; therefore is seizable under the law. The War on Drugs has resulted in some of the most full-sized modification in the criminal justice system, due to the fact that the due process revolution of 1960s. Asset forfeiture has been used as a criminal sanction, however, has been camouflaged as a civil procedure, for that reason in impact limiting the due process procedures rights of these accused. The state has extended its control over citizens and has simultaneously weakened the right of folks to guard them in opposition to state intrusion (Jensen Gerber, 1996, p. 1). ConclusionUndercover officers within a local police department or state department were created to deal with the war on drugs and crimes. Undercover officers prepare evidence for the prosecutions of criminals involved in drug-related crimes. At times local officers may have to work with specialized drug squads or task forces, from different state or federal agencies. In order for any drug investigation to be successful officers need to be prepared, that includes making sure the officers have the necessary equipment needed; the manpower, as well as the financial means to complete the investigation from beginning to end. The resources to and access to other resources that can assist in the investigation such as being able to review arrest records, warrant files, police reports, incident reports, etc. Forfeiture laws and sanctions are investigative techniques that undercover officers can utilize during their investigations. This makes it possible for officers to seize monies, drugs, and property that could have been obtained with profits of drug activities.Undercover officers are a very valuable to all undercover investigations, however, officers and citizens within the community where the investigation is taking place are always in harms way during the investigations. At each stage of the investigations the undercover officers should always pro ceed with caution.

Niccolò Machiavelli’S The Art of War Essay Example

Niccolà ² Machiavelli’S The Art of War Essay Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Art of War was written between the year 1519 and 1520. The book is divided into a preface and seven chapters in the form of dialogues which took place in a garden between Cosimo Rucellai and Lord Fabrizio Colonna. Rucellai is actually Machiavelli’s childhood friend who died while they were young. Meanwhile, Fabrizio is the disguised Machiavelli himself. Machiavelli (1521) has noted in the preface of the book that â€Å"the military is like the roof of a palazzo protecting the contents†. The dialogues were purposely written specifically â€Å"to honor and reward, not to have contempt for poverty, to esteem the modes and orders of military discipline, to constrain citizens to love one another, to live without factions, to esteem less the private than the public good†. The book (1521) illustrates that Fabrizio is fascinated with the Roman Legions of the early to mid Republic and convincingly supports their adoption to the contemporary situation of Renaissance Florence. Machiavelli may have written this book well having been selected as an official historian of Florence the year before the publication of the book and he was assigned with simple civil duties part of his assignment. The book is rich with knowledge, wisdom and insights as shared by Fabrizio in the dialogues. He is shown with a superior knowledge stating, among others, the ways which an army must be raised, trained, organized, employed and deployed. We will write a custom essay sample on Niccolà ² Machiavelli’S The Art of War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Niccolà ² Machiavelli’S The Art of War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Niccolà ² Machiavelli’S The Art of War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His theories are taken on a comprehensive study and analysis of classical and contemporary military practices. On the contrary, he underestimated the efficiency of firearms and cavalry when his concept of copying Roman practices has been gradually and practically used by many rulers and commanders, most notably Maurice of Nassau and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. These rulers would later lay the foundations for the system of Linear Tactics which would dominate the warfare of Europe and the world until after the Napoleonic Wars. The Art of War (1521) is considered to be the single most popular military treatise in Europe. Initially, the book may appear to revitalize the infantry-centered military organization of the imperial Roman legions which may not be relevant to today’s times. The book is not very relevant today since it failed to value the social and technological trends. The Art of War may be considered a humanistic treatise on the subject of war, written under the form of dialogues and divided in seven books or chapters. Machiavelli (1521) loathed the people of his time as weak, but he also believed on the possibility of a â€Å"perpetual republic† that would solve the weakness of the moderns and correct the errors of the Romans and in doing so would be able to put up a political order no longer subject to the vicissitudes of fortune. Whether Machiavelli could have had so grand an ambition remains controversial, but all agree on his greatness—his novelty, the penetration of his mind, and the grace of his style. The world nowadays is more concerned with overcoming the terrorists that abound the universe today. Every government specifically the government of the United States is determined to end terrorist activities at whatever cost. The weaponry and the military tactics may have transformed in the most modern ways but what is important is that the leaders would face the challenge in such a good way. The book may not be relevant in many ways in today’s times but it is still a good reference material.